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INTRODUCTION TO NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER
A neurological disorder
is a disorder of the body’s nervous system. Structural, biochemical or
electrical abnormalities in the brain or spinal cord, or in the nerves leading
to or from them, can result in symptoms such as paralysis, muscle weakness,
poor coordination, and loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain and altered
levels of consciousness. There are many recognized neurological disorders. Some
relatively common, but many rare. They may be revealed by neurological
examination and studied and treated within the specialties of neurology and
clinical neuropsychology, Interventions include preventative measures,
lifestyle changes, physiotherapy or other therapy neuro rehabilitation, pain
management, pain management, medication, or operations performed by
neurosurgeons.
TYPES OF
EPILEPSY:-
ABSENCE EPILEPSY:-
People with absence
epilepsy have repeated absence seizures. Absence epilepsy tends to run in
families. The seizures frequently begin in childhood or adolescent. If the
seizures begin in childhood, they usually stop at puberty.
Although the seizures don’t have a lasting effect on intelligence or
other brain functions, children with absence epilepsy frequently have so many
seizures that it interferes with school and other normal activities.
TEMPORAL
LOBE EPILEPSY:-
TLE is the most frequent cause of partial seizures and aura. The
temporal loge is located close to the ear. It is the part of the brain where
smell is processed and where the choice is made to express a thought or remain
silent.
TLE often begins in childhood repeated TLE seizures can damage the
hippocampus, a part of the brain that is important for memory and learning.
Although the damage progressive very slowly. It is important to treat TLE as
early as possible
FRONTAL LOBE
EPILEPSY:-
The frontal lobe of the brain lies behind the forehead. They are the
largest of the five lobes and are thought to be the centers that control
personality and higher thought processes. Including languages and speech.
Frontal lobe epilepsy causes a cluster of short seizures that start and
stop suddenly. The symptoms depend upon the part of the fronted lobe affected.
OCCIPITAL
LOBE EPILEPSY:-
The occipital lobe lies at the back of the skull occipital lobe epilepsy
is like fronted and temporal lobe epilepsies, except that the seizures usually
begin with usual hallucinations, rapid blinding, and other symptoms related to
the eyes.
PARIETAL
LOBE EPILEPSY:-
The parietal lobe lies between the frontal and temporal lobes. Parietal
lobe epilepsy is similar to other types in part because parietal lobe seizures
tend to spread to other areas of the brain.
CAUSES OF
EPILEPSY:-
BRAIN
CHEMISTRY:-
Epilepsy may develop because of an imbalance in those chemicals in the
brain that help the nerve cells in the brain transmit electrical impulses.
These chemicals are called neuron transmitters.
Researchers think that some people who have epilepsy have too much of a
neuron transmitter that increases impulse transmission and other have too
little of neuron transmitters that reduce transmission.
Epilepsy may also cause by changes in brain cells called glia. Glias
regulate concentrations of chemicals in the brain that can change the way
neurons signal.
HEREDITARY
CAUSES
Many types of epilepsy tend to run in families, and some have been
traced to an abnormality in a specific gene. These genetic abnormalities can
caused subtle changes in the way the body processes calcium, sodium and other
body chemicals.
People who have progressive myoclonus epilepsy are missing a gene that
helps break down protein. Those with a severe form of epilepsy called lafora’s
disease are missing a gene that helps break down protein. Those with a severe
form of epilepsy called lafora’s disease are missing a gene that helps break
down carbohydrates.
Hereditary factors are not always direct cause of epilepsy but may
influence the disease indirectly. Genes can affect the way people process drugs
or can cause areas of malformed neurons in the brain.
OTHER
DISORDER
·
Brain
tumors, alcoholism, and Alzheimer’s disease can cause. Epilepsy because they
alter the normal working of the brain.
·
Stroke,
heart attacks and others conditions that affect the blood supply to the brain
(cerebrovascular diseases) can causes epilepsy by depriving the brain of
oxygen. About a third of all new cases of epilepsy that develop in older people
are caused by cerebrovascular diseases.
·
Infection
diseases such as meningitis, viral encephalitis, and AIDS can cause epilepsy.
·
Cerebral
palsy, autism and a number of other developmental and metabolic disorders can
cause epilepsy.
HEAD
INJURY:-
Head injury can cause seizures;
if the head injury is severe the seizures may not begin until years later. If
the injury is mild the risk is slight.
PARANTAL
INJURY:-
In a fetus the developing
brain is susceptible to prenatal injuries that may occur if the pregnant
mothers has an infection, doesn’t eat properly, smoke or abuses drugs or
alcohol. These conditions called cerebral palsy.
About 20% of seizures in
children are caused by cerebral palsy or other nervous system diseases.
Sometimes epilepsy is linked to areas in the brain where neurons may not have
formed properly during prenatal development.
ENVIRONMENTAL
CAUSES
Epilepsy can be caused by
·
Environmental
and occupational exposure to lead carbon monoxide, and certain chemicals
·
Use
of street drugs and alcohol
·
Lack
of sleep, stress, or hormonal changes
·
Withdrawal
from certain antidepressant and anti – anxiety drug
EPILEPSY
– SYMPTOMS:-
Seizures are the only visible
symptom of epilepsy there are different kinds of seizures and symptoms of each
type can affect people differently. Seizures typically last from a few seconds
to a few minutes. You may remain alert during the seizure or lose
consciousness. You may not remember what happened during the seizure or may not
even realize you had a seizure.
Seizures that make you fall to the
ground or make the muscles stiffen or jerk out of control are easy to
recognize. But many seizures do not involve these reactions and may be harder
to notice. Some seizures make you stare into spark for a few seconds. Others
may consist only for a few twitches a turn of head, or a strange smell or
visual disturbance that only you sense.
Epileptic seizures often happen
without warning, although some people may have an aura at the beginning of a
seizure. A seizure ends when the abnormal electrical activity in the brain
stops activity begins to retur4n to normal. Seizures may be either partial or
generalized.
TREATMENT
FOR EPILEPSY:-
Treatment for epilepsy will not
normally begin unless you have a second seizure.
This is because it is quite common
for a person to have a one – 0ff seizure and nerve have a second one.
However, occasionally someone may
have a tests carried out after one seizure such as an EGG test. Once the
doctors have carried out their tests and asked for any witness reports, they
will then decide whether they feel the person does have epilepsy and is so will
need to start treatment.
ANTI
– EPILEPTIC DRUGS (AED’S)
The majority of people with
epilepsy can be successfully treated with medicines known as anti – epileptic
drugs (AED’S) AEDs do not cure epilepsy. But they do prevent seizures from
occurring.
There are many different AEDs but
they all tend to work by either.
Altering the electric transmission in
your brain in a way that reduces the chance of a seizure, or
Altering the chemicals in your brain in
a way that reduces the chance of a seizure
SIDE
EFFECTS ARE COMMON WHEN STARTING TREATMENT WITH AEDs
·
Nausea
·
Abdominal
pain
·
Drowsiness
·
Dizziness
·
Irritability,
and
·
Mood
Changes
For some people, the side
effects will pass within a few days, whereas for others, the effects may
persist for many months.
Some side effects, which produce
symptoms that are similar to being drunk, occur when the dose of AEDs you are
taking is too high. They include.
·
Unsteadiness
·
Poor
Concentration
·
Drowsiness
·
Vomiting,
and
·
Double
vision
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INTRODUCTION TO BIPOLAR DISORDER:-
Bipolar disorder or manic –depressive disorder
is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood episodes define by
the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels,
cognition, and mood and one or more depressive episodes. The elevated moods are
clinically referred to as mania or , if milder hypomania. Individuals who
experiences manic episodes also commonly experience depressive episodes also
commonly experience depressive episodes or symptoms, or mixed episodes in which
features of both mania and depression are present at the same time.
INTRODUCTION
TO MANIA:-
Mania is more than just
feeling good or even euphoric with true mania, people can be described by words
like “frantic”, “hyperactive” or over –excited often a person’s thought and
speech is so “fast” that it tumbles over itself and becomes fragmented by
following tangents of thoughts and ideas cycling between mania and depression
is the hallmark of bipolar disorder (previously called manic-depression) but
there are other possible causes of mania.
Mania, the presence of which is a criterion
for certain psychiatric diagnoses, is a state of abnormally elevated or irritable
mood, arousal and/or energy levels. The word derives from the Greek “caviar”
(mania).
In
addition to mood disorder’s individuals may exhibit manic behavior as a result
of drug intoxication, medication side effect, or malignancy. However mania is
most often associated with bipolar disorder, where episodes of mania may
alternate with episodes of major depression. The criteria for bipolar do not
include depressive episodes and the presence of mania in the absence of
depressive episodes is sufficient for a diagnosis. Regardless, even those who
never experience depression experience cyclical changes in mood. These cycles
are often affected by changes in sleep cycle, diurnal rhythms and environmental
stressors.
Mania varies in intensity, from mild mania
(known as hypomania) to fall-blown mania with psychotic features including
hallucination and delusion naturally, since mania and hypomania have also been
associated with creativity and artistic talent.
SIGN AND
SYMPTOMS
Characteristics of
mania include rapid speech, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep hyper
sexuality, euphoria, impulsiveness, grandiosity and an uncontrollably intense
interest in goal-directed activities. Some people also have physical symptoms
such as sweating, pacing, and weight loss in full-blown mania, the manic person
well feel as thought his or her goal trump all else, that his or her goal trump
all else, that there are not exercise restraint in the pursuit of what they are
after Hypomania is different, as it may cause little or no impairment in
function. The hypo manic person’s connection with the external world, and its
standards of interaction, remain intact, although intensity of moods is
heightened. But those who suffer from prolonged unresolved hypomania do run the
risk of developing full mania even realizing they have done so one of the most signatures
of mania is what many have described as racing thoughts. There are usually instances
in which the manic person is excessively distracted by objectively unimportant
stimuli. This experience creates an absent mindedness where the manic
individual thoughts totally preoccupy him or her, making him or her unable to
keep track of time or be aware of anything besides the flow of thought. Racing
thoughts also interfere with the ability to fall asleep.
Mania is always relative to the normal of intensity of the person being
diagnosed with it, therefore, an easily-angered person may exhibits mania by
getting even angrier even more quickly, and an intelligent person may adopt
seemingly “genius” characteristics and an ability to perform and to articulate
thought beyond what they can do in a normal mood but perhaps the easiest
indicator of mania would be noticeably clinically depressed person becomes
suddenly cheerful optimistic happy, and full of energy. Other element of mania
may include delusions, hypersensitivity hyper sexuality, hyperactivity impulsiveness, talkativeness,
an internal pressure to keep talking (over-explanation) or rapid speech,
grandiose ideas and plans, and decreased need for sleep (e.g. feeling rested
after 3 or 4 hours of sleep) In manic and hypo manic cases the afflicted person
may engage in out-of character behavior, such as questionable business
transactions wasteful expenditures of money, risky sexual activity,
recreational drug abuse, abnormal social interaction, or highly vocal arguments
uncharacteristic of previous behaviors. These may increase stress in personal
risk of relationships. Lead
to problems at work and increase the altercation with law enforcement. There is
a high risk of impulsively taking part in activity potentially harmful to self and
other
TREATMENT
Before beginning treatment for mania careful differential diagnosis must
be performed to rule out non-psychiatric causes.
Acute
mania in bipolar disorder is typically treated with mood stabilizers and
antipsychotic medication. Note that these treatment need to be prescribed and
monitored carefully to avoid harmful side effect such as neuronleptic malignant
syndrome with the antipsychotic medication. It may be necessary to temporarily
admit the patient involuntary unit the patient is stabilized. Antipsychotic and
mood stabilizers help stabilize mood of those with mania or depression. They
work by dopamine and allowing serotonin to still work, but in diminished
capacity
When
the manic behavior have gone, long-term treatment then focuses on prophylactic
treatment to try to stabilize the patient’s mood, typically through a
combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy
Lithium is the classic mood stabilizer to prevent further manic and
depressive episodes. Anticonvulsants such as valproic acid and carbamazepine
are also used for prophylaxis. More recent drug solutions include lamotrigine
clonazepam is also used
Verapamil a calcium- channel blocker is useful in the treatment of
hypomania and in those cases were lithium and mood stabilizers are
contraindicated or ineffective. Verpamil is effective for both short –term and
long-term treatment.
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INTRODUCTION
TO PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is an academic
and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and
behaviour. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to
various spheres of human activity, including relating to individuals’ daily
lives and the treatment of mental illness.
Psychology differs from
the other social sciences – anthropology, economics, political science, and
sociology – in seeking to explain the mental processes and behavior of individuals.
Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily
concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior on a systemic
level as opposed to studying the biological or neural processes themselves. In
contrast, the subfield of neuropsychology studies the actual neural processes
and how they related to the mental effects they subjectively produce.
Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various sphers
of human activity including problems of individuals’ daily lives and the
treatment of mental illness. It is largely concerned with humans, although the
behavior and mental processes of animals can also be part of psychology,
research, either as subject in its own right (e.g. animal cognition and ethologic.
Psychology is commonly defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.
PSYCHOLOGY
TEST
Psychological tests are
written visual or verbal evaluation administered to assess the cognitive and
emotional functioning of children and adults. Psychological test are used to
assess a variety of mental abilities and attributes including achievement and
ability, personality and neurological functioning. Psychological testing
requires a clinical trained examiner. All psychological tests should be
administered, scored and interpreted by a trained professional, preferably a
psychologist or psychiatrist with experience in the appropriate area.
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The Good Dinner Diet Chapatti, veggies and dal are an ideal meal. Soup, salad, Wholegrain bread and tofu are a good option. You can have a healthy helping of beans such as lentils, black beans, chickpeas, black eyed peas, kidney beans, fava beans, and lima beans. Frozen corn, peas, and other vegetables can be added to a recipe.
DINNER DONTS
Avoid sugary drinks. One 12 - oz soda has about 10 teaspoons of sugar in it ! Try water with lemon or a splash of fruit juice.
Trans fats are found in vegetable shortenings, some margarines, fried foods, Also avoid processed foods made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Say a big no to desserts!
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| Change your lifestyle to reverse the negative effects of hypertension Hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. A BP reading of 120/80 is considered normal and anything higher than this is either pre-hypertension or hypertension. CAUSES It is believed that both genes and environment play important roles. Up to 40 per cent of young hypertensives have a family history of BP. Urban lifestyle - odd hours at office, nightshift jobs and lack of or inadequate sleep - also plays a role. Other reasons include substance abuse - cigarette smoking, cocaine addiction, alcohol consumption - increase in stress levels, lack of exercise leading to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, lack of sunlight ( low Vitamin D levels ), neighbourhood pollutants and psycho - social problems.
WHAT SHOULD ONE DO ?
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