ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

Nervous Tissue. The nervous tissue consists of three kinds of matter, (a)grey matter, forming the nerve cells, (b) white matter, the nerve fibres, and (c) neuroglia, a special kind of supporting cell, found only in the nervous system, which holds together and supports nerve cells and fibres.        Nerve cells are composed of highly specialised granular protoplasm, with large nuclei and cell walls as other cells. Various processed arise from the nerve cells; these processes carry the nerve impulses to and from the nerve cells Connective Tissues. Connective tissue provides the framework of the body.  There are several varieties of connective tissue. Areolar tissue. This consists of loosely woven tissue which is distributed widely throughout the body.  It is placed immediately beneath the skin and mucous surfaces forming the sheaths of fascia which support and blind and connect together muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other organs. Areolar tissue  consists of a matrix of intercellular substance in which lie connective tissue cells and into which are woven  bundles of fine white fibres, composed of wavy strand, running through the matrix in every direction and so arranged that they substance, and they are held together by mucin. Elastic fibres which are yellow in appearance and composed of elastin also taut and straight. The tissue spaces in which lymph collects are the nourishment of areolar tissue is derived.  These lymph that many of the immunizing substances which protect the body from disease are formed.  The ground-substance of areolar tissue is an almost transparent fluid containing mucin. different types of cells lie in this ground substance including the connective tissue cells.

.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

Cardiac muscle is found  only in the muscle of the heart . It is striated like voluntary muscle. But it differs in that its fibres branch and anastomose with each other: they are arranged longitudinally as in striated muscle, are characteristically red in colour and not controlled by the will. Cardiac muscle possesses the special property of automatic rhythmical contraction independent of its nerve supply. This function is described as myogenic as distinct from neurogenic. Normally the action of the heart is controlled by its nerve supply Muscular Contraction When a muscle is stimulated a short latent period follows, during which it is taking up the stimulus. It then contracts, when it becomes short and thick, and finally it relax and elongates.  In the case of a striped  (voluntary) muscle fibre the contraction lasts only a fraction of a second and each contraction occurs in response to a single nerve impulse. Each single occurs in response to a single nerve impulse. Each single contraction is of the same force. The force with which a whole muscle contracts is adjusted by varying the number of fibres contracting and the frequency with which each fibre contracts. When contracting vigorously the individual fibres may contract more than 50 times each second. Certain things influence the force with which a muscle fibre contracts. It contracts more forcibly when it is stretched and when it is warm. Fatigue and cold weaken the power to contract. Un striped muscle fibres contract much more slowly and are not dependent on nervous impulses, although these alter the force of their contraction. Muscle tone. Muscle is never completely at rest; it may appear to be, but it is always in a condition of muscle tone, which means ready to respond to stimuli. For instance, the knee-jerk obtained by sharply tapping the patellar tendon results in contraction of the quadriceps extension of the thigh and slight extension of the nerves.

.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

Unstriped ( unstriated, smooth, or involuntary muscle). This type will contract without nervous stimulation although in most parts of the body its activity is under the control of the autonomic (involuntary ) nervous system. With the exception elongated spindle-shaped muscle cells which retain the appearance of a cell.               Involuntary muscle is found in the coats of blood and lymphatic vessels, in the walls of the digestive tract and the hollow viscera, trachea, and bronchi, in the iris and cillary muscle of the eye, and in the skin. A sphincter muscle is composed of a circular band of muscle fibres situated at the internal or external openings of a canal, or at the mouth of an orifice, tightly closing it When Contracted. Examples include the cardiac and pyloric sphincter or valve, the internal and external sphincters of the anus and urethra.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

MUSCULAR-NERVOUS-CONNECTIVE TISSUE Muscular Tissue. Muscle is a tissue which is specialised for contraction, and by means of this, movements are performed. it is composed of cylindrical fibres which correspond to the cells of other tissues. These are bound together into little bundles of fibres by a form of connective tissue which contains a highly specialised contractile element. There are three types of muscle: Striped (Striated, skeletal or voluntary muscle). The individual muscle fibres are transversely striated by alternate light and dark markings. Each fibre is enclosed in a fine membrane - the Sarcolemma ( meaning - muscle sheath). A number of fibres are massed together to form bundles; to form large and small muscles.  When a muscle contracts it shortens, and each individual fibre takes part in the movement by contracting. This type only contracts when stimulated to do so by the nervous system.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

MEMBRANES.  Layers of specialized cells which line the cavities of the body are described as membrane.  The three principal membranes are; Mucous membrane Synovial membrane Serous membrane All these membranes secrete a fluid to lubricate or moisten the cavity they line. Mucous Membranes is found lining the alimentary tract, the respiratory tract, and parts of the genito-urinary tract. It varies in character in the different areas. In the digestive tract it consists of columnar epithelial cells closely packed together. Some of them  become distended with mucous secretion and are then called goblet cells. The cell becomes more and more distended and finally ruptures and discharges its secretion on to the surface. Mucus is  the secretion of the membrane and consists of water,salts, and a protein, mucin, which gives the sticky or viscid character to the secretion. Synovial Membrane lines the cavities of joints. It consists of fine connective tissue, with a layer of squamous endothelial cells on the surface. The secretion of synovial membrane is thick and glairy in character. Serous Membranes are found in the chest and abdomen, covering the organs contained therein and lining these cavities. The pleura covers the lungs and lines the thorax The pericardium covers the heart as a double layer. The peritoneum covers the abdominal organs and lines the abdomen. ( These membranes are described in the chapters dealing with these various organs.)        The characteristics which are common to all three serous membranes are, that each consists of a double layer of membrane having an intervening potential cavity which receives the fluid secreted by the membrane. This serous fluid is very similar to blood serum or lymph.  It acts as a lubricant, and in addition it contains protective substances, and removes harmful products, passing these on to the lymphatic system to be dealt with.

Read more...

Re: A Beautiful story about QURAN...!!

Assalamu Alaikum Wa Rahmathullah.                 A Beautiful story about QURAN. قصة جميلة عن القران Why do we read Quran, even if we can't understand a single Arabic word????   This is a beautiful story. لماذا نقرأ القران, حتى لو لم نكن نفهم مفرداته العربية جيدا An old American Muslim lived on a farm in the mountains of eastern Kentucky with his young grandson. Each morning Grandpa was up early sitting at the kitchen table reading his Quran. His grandson wanted to be just like him and tried to imitate him in every way he could. عجوز امركي مسلم يعيش في مزرعة في جبال شرق كنتاكي مع حفيده الصغير في كل صباح الجد يستيقظ باكرا ويجلس على طاولة المطبخ ويقرأ القران. حفيده الصغير كان يريد ان يصبح مثل جده لهذا كان يحاول تقليدة بكل طريقة ممكنة One day the grandson asked, "Grandpa! I try to read the Quran just like you but I don't understand it, and what I do understand I forget as soon as I close the book. What good does reading the Qur'an do?" في أحد الايام سأل الحفيد جده قائلا (جدي! انا احاول ان اقرأ القران مثلك لكنني لم افهم كلماته,والذي افهمه انساه وسرعان ما اغلق الكتاب.ما هي الفائده المرجاة من قراءة القران. The Grandfather quietly turned from putting coal in the stove and replied, "Take this coal basket down to the river and bring me back a basket of water. الجد بهدوء وضع الفحم في المدفئة واجاب (خذ سلة الفحم الى النهر وأملئها بالماء) The boy did as he was told, but all the water leaked out before he got back to the house. The grandfather laughed and said, "You'll have to move a little faster next time," and sent him back to the river with the basket to try again. This time the boy ran faster, but again the basket was empty before he returned home. Out of breath, he told his grandfather that it was impossible to carry water in a basket, and he went to get a bucket instead. قام الولد بعمل ما طلبه منه جده,لكن كل الماء تسرب من السلة قبل ان يصل عائدا الى المنزل.ضحك الجد وقال(يجب عليك ان تكون اسرع في المرة القادمة)ثم بعثه مرة اخرى الى النهر مع السلة ليحاول مرة اخرى.في هذه المرة ركض الولد بشكل اسرع,ولكن مرة اخرى السلة فرغت قبل وصوله المنزل.كان يتنفس لاهثا.واخبر جده انه من المستحيل ان احمل الماء بهذه السلة,وذهب ليحضر دلواً بدلا من السلة. The old man said, "I don't want a bucket of water; I want a basket of water. You're just aganot trying hard enough," and he went out the door to watch the boy try in. الرجل العجوز قال (انا لا اريد دلوا من الماء,بل اريد سلة من الماء.انت فقط لم تحاول بجهد كاف) ثم خرج ليشاهد الولد يحاول مرة اخرى At this point, the boy knew it was impossible, but he wanted to show his grandfather that even if he ran as fast as he could, the water would leak out before he got back to the house. The boy again dipped the basket into river and ran hard, but when he reached his grandfather the basket was again empty. Out of breath, he said, "See Grandpa, it's useless!" "So you think it is useless?" The old man said, "Look at the basket." في هذه الاثناء.ادرك الولد انها مهمة مستحيلة,لكنه اراد ان يثبت لجده انه حتى لو ركض بأسرع ما يستطيع ,الماء سوف يتسرب قبل ان يصل عائدا الى المنزل .فقام الولد رمى بالسلة في النهر وركض بسرعة وبجهد.ولكنه عندما وصل الى البيت وجد ان السلة فارغة مرة ثالثة. فقال وهو يلهث, انظر جدي ........انها غير مجدية اذن انت تظن انها غير مجدية.؟ أجاب الجد انظر الى السلة The boy looked at the basket and for the first time realized that the basket was different. It had been transformed from a dirty old coal basket and was now clean, inside and out. نظر الولد الى السلة وللمرة الاولى ادرك ان السلة مختلفة.كانت سلة متسخة تنقل الفحم القديم والان اصبحت نظيفة من الداخل والخارج. Son, that's what happens when you read the Qur'an . You might not understand or remember everything, but when you read it, you will be changed, inside and out when you read time by time . That is the work of Allah in our lives...." بني أجابه الجد : هذا ما يحصل عندما تقرأ القران.من الممكن أن لا تفهم شيئا او تتذكر اي شيء ولكن عندما تقرأه مره بعد مره بعد مره .سوف تتغير داخليا وخارجيا.هذا عمل الله في حياتنا . If you feel this email is worth reading, please forward to your contacts/friends. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh & his family) says: *"The one who guides to good will be rewarded equally" اذا كنت ترى ان هذه الرسالة تستحق القراءة,ارسلها مرة اخرى لجميع اصدقائك. قال الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم "من دعى الى هدى فله اجره واجر من عمل به الى يوم القيامة لا تنقص من اجورهم شيئا" -- {وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ وَأُوْلَـئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ }آل عمران104 {رَبَّنَا لاَ تُزِغْ قُلُوبَنَا بَعْدَ إِذْ هَدَيْتَنَا وَهَبْ لَنَا مِن لَّدُنكَ رَحْمَةً إِنَّكَ أَنتَ الْوَهَّابُ }آل عمران8 remember me in your prayers !!           -- Thanks & regards.  Rafi Doha Qatar

Read more...

JOBS OPPORTUNITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

REQUIRED FOR TRAVEL AGENCY (UAE) SALES MANAGER TRCKETING STAFF TRAVEL MANAGER/ ADVISOR TOUR EXECUTIVE (Inbound / outbound) REQUIRED FOR FABRICATION CO. (UAE) STRUCTURAL STEEL FABRICATION MILLING CUM HOBBING TECH HEAVY DUTY LATHE OPERATOR FABRICATION FOREMAN   REQUIRED FOR CONTRACTING CO. (QATAR) PASTRY CHEF WAITERS FLOWERIEST SWEET/CHOCOLATE MAKERS SWIMMING POOL TECH REQUIRED FOR BATTERING CO. (KSA) PRODUCTION ENGINEERS All above candidates must have 5-7 yrs exp. Gulf exp advantages. Contact immediately with complete details to   Email: appletvl@gmail.com

Read more...

JOBS OPPORTUNITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

URGENTLY REQUIRED  FOR MUSCAT AIRPORT FEMALE COUNTER STAFF  CUM SALES :Smart fluent in English with pleasing personality. Age ; 22 to 35 yrs. Salary :OR 200(Rs 24,000/-) PRINCE BUSINESS BUREAU 104 B, Rizvi House, Hill Road Near Bandra Police Station, Bandra (West), Mumbai -50. Tel ;022-26429536 Mob;09821044499, E-Mail; princetravels08@yahoo.com

Read more...

JOBS OPPORTUNITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

Required Urgently For a Leading  Construction Company in SAUDI ARABIA CONCRETE LAB TECHNICIAN : ITI/Diploma with min. 3 years experience. HVAC ENGINEER : (Hindu/Christian/ Muslim) Gulf exp Candidate preferable. INDIAN COOK: Minimum 5 yrs exp required, (Muslim) CONCREET BATCH PLANT SUPERVISOR CIVIL ENGINEER :Degree with 5 yrs exp in construction DUCT FABRICATOR : 5TO 7 Yrs Exp &able read drawings and should handle the job independedly. DIESEL MECHANIC Min 5 yrs. exp. in heavy vehicles. VISA READY IMMEDIATE DEPARTURE: Right candidates should contact with complete Testimonials to;  Tel ; 67023439/65767897 Email; rajaniexports1947@yahoo.com

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

GLANDS.A gland is a secretory organ which may exist as a separate organ such as the liver, pancreas, and spleen; or may be simply a layer of cells as the simple tubular glands of the alimentary canal, body cavities, etc. All glands have a rich blood supply. Their special function is to select from the blood stream certain substances, which they then elaborate into their important juices or secretions. There is a tremendous variety of glands, each with its different function, making a collective description and classification difficult. A simple classification might be attempted as follows; Glands which pour their sewcretion directly on to the surface include the sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and the gastric and intestinal glands. Glands which pour their secretion indirectly, by means of ducts, on to the durface include the saslivary glands, pancreas, and liver. Ductless glands.  These form the group described as endocrine organs. These are the glands of internal secretion.  A great deal of the well- being of the body depends on these glands, which through their secretions excert an important chemical control on the functions of the body.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE Protective. The epithelial tissue which forms the covering of the body, the skin and the lining of the cavities which open on to the surface is mainly protective. It prevents injury to the underlying tissues, prevents the loss of fluid from these tissues and also prevents the passage of fluid into the structures which are covered by skin.  Micro- organisms cannot pass through healthy skin but they can and do pass through abraded skin. Secretory.  Most of the secreting glands and their ducts are composed of columnar epithelium. Very often the epithelium lining the gland and its duct is continuous with that of the surface in which the glands lie. Simple tubular and simple saccular glands are just involutions from the surface such as thesimple tubular glands of the intestine as shown in When these involutions branch, the structure becomes more complicated , as in the formation of compound tubular glands such as those of the kidney, and compound racemose or saccular glands  such as the salivary glands and the pancreas.         The endocrine glands are also composed of epithelial cells which may be massed together or may line hollow vesicles as occurs in the thyroid gland where the vesicles are lined by columnar epithelial cells, cubical in shape. These cells produce their secretion-colloid- but there is no duct from these glands and therefore the secretion reaches the blood stream either directly or through the lymphatics.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

COMPOUND EPITHELIUM. consists of more than one layer of cells. Stratified Epithelium forms the epidermal layers of the skin. It also lines the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, the lower part of the urethra, the anal canal and the vagina, and covers the surface of the cornea. In these areas it does not become cornified.            The outer layers of cells near the surface comprise the horny layer of the skin: these cells are flattened and resemble scales.The deepest layer and here the cells multiply by karyokinesis, pushing those above them nearer the surface until the superficial ones are cast off.The cells between the basal layer and the horny zone are called 'prickly cells' they are connected to each other by fine tendrils which give them a prickly appearance when examined under the microscope. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM .is a compound stratified epithelium consisting of several layers of cells.It lines the urinary bladder, the pelvis of the kidney, the ureters and the upper part of the urethra. The deeper layers of cells in transitional epithelium are of the columnar type of cell with rounded ends which make them pyriform or pear - shaped. As the cells in the deeper layers multiply by dividng, the superficial layers of cells are less scale-like than those of stratified epithelium.  Comparison of the illustrations make clear this point.  .........................

Read more...

JOBS OPPORTUNITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

SAUDI ARABIA ROLACO-Building Materials Division Reqd. 1.SALES ENGINEERS. BE Civil........3 Nos 2.MARKETING SURVEYOR, BE /DIPLOMA CIVIL  ........................1 No 3.STOCK CONTROLLER/WAREHOUSE  SUPERVISOR/SALES COORDINATORS...3Nos 4.HEAVY DUTY DRIVERS    Holding Indian Valid Licence.................2 Nos Visa Ready-Immediate Departure Email your Bio-data Email;melco@bom5.vsnl.net.in

Read more...

JOBS OPPORTUNITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

SAUDI ARABIA Urgent Requirement for a PRECAST FACTORY in Jubail CLIENT INTERVIEW IN MUMBAI SHORTLY 1.Engineering Managers 2.Structural Engineers 3.Procurement / Admin Managers 4.Planning Engineers (Civil, P3/P6) 5.Quantity Surveyors (Civil) 6.Hollow Core Machine Foreman /Operator 7.Diesel Mechanics                      CANDIDATES FOR POSITIONS:- Sr. 1-3 should hold Degree in respect field and must necessarily have prior experience in Precast or Civil construction field will be considered.  Sr. 6-7 Diploma/        ITI or good experience. INTERESTED CANDIDATES PLEASE RUSH YOUR CV TO:           INTERNATIONAL TRADE LINKS            Tel no;022-43607777/22666333/32             Email; jobs@itlplacement.com

Read more...

JOBS OPPORTUNITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

SAUDI ARABIA  For a reputed Company Accountants Diesel Mechanics Sales Men Forklift Mechanics House Drivers- with valid Saudi license preferred.          Minimum 5 years gulf experience  Report with Biodata, copies  of all certificate, passport & 2 photos. SANTOSH TRAVELS MANPOWER CONSULTANTS 102, Embassy Centre, Nariman Point, MUMBAI-21. Tel; 40507444, 22837083/84 E-mail; resumes@santoshtravels.com

Read more...

JOBS OPPORTUNITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

DAMMAM, K.S.A. REQUIRED URGENTLY FOR A CONSTRUCTION CO. WALK - IN INTERVIEW ON 23RD AUG. 2010 PROJECT ENGINEERS / MANAGERS (Civil/ Mech/Electrical): Degree + Min,n10 to 15 yrs. exp. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS: Degree in Civil + Min. 8 years experience. SITE ENGINEERS / QUANTITY SURVEYORS : Degree in Civil + min 4 years experience. CIVIL FOREMAN /SUPERVISORS: Degree in Civil +Min 2 years experience. MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (Piping / Structural ):Deg + Min 6 yrs. experience. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS: Deg. + Min 3 yrs exp. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICIANS ITI +Min 2yrs. exp INSTRUMENT TECHNS: ITI or Dip. + Min 2yrs Exp. All candidates must have Experience in CIVIL : High - rises buildings, & Road Project. ELECTRICAL: E&I of Petrochemical /Refinery /Sub Station /OHTL .MECHANICAL . piping, Structural & Tank etc. Contact with Original Certificates, Exp. certificates, Passport & Photo to : M/s THREE STAR TRAVEL SERVICES C/o Ms Sukashi Marine (Pvt) Ltd. Navjeevan Society, Bldg. no. 3,  14th floor, off no. 4 Lamington Road, Mumbai Central, Mumbai - 400 008. Email : hmcbom@yahoo.in LIC No. 001334 BOM /PART/1000 +/3/2380/88

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

COMPOUND EPITHELIUM.  Consists of more than one layer of cells. Stratified Epithelium forms the epidermal layers of the skin.  It also lines the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, the lower part of the urethra, the anal canal and the vagina, and covers the surface of the cornea. In these areas it does not become cornified. The outer layers of cells near the surface comprise the horny layer of the skin; these cells are flatterned and resemble scales.  The deepest layer of cells are columnar in shape.  These form the germinative layer and here the cells multiply by karyokinesis, pushing those above them nearer the surface until the superficial ones are cast off.  The cells between the basal layer and the horny zone are called 'prickly cells' they are connected to each other by fine tendrils which give them a prickly appearance when examined under the microscope. Transitional Epithelium is a compound stratified epithelium consisting of several layers of cells. It lines the urinary bladder, the pelvis of the kidney, the ureters and the upper part of the urethra. The deeper layers of cells in traditional epithelium are of the columnar type of cell with rounded ends which make them pyriform or pear-shaped. As the cells in the deeper layers multiply by dividing, the superficial layers of cells are cast off. The superficial cell layers in transitional epithelium are less scale- like than those of stratified epithelium.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

REPRODUCTION.

A cell does  not go on growing indefinitely in size but at a certain optimum point divides into two daughter cells. Further, certain cells will undergo division to replace worn - out cells or those destroyed by disease.  This kind of cell division is called mitosis, or karyokinesis. Activity begins in the nucleus, the nuclear membrane disappears and the chromatin changes character and becomes long filaments called chromosomes.The chromosomes are then attracted to the poles and lie near the new centrosomes. The chromatin of which the nucleus is formed now comes to rest and two new nuclei exist. Finally the protoplasm of the cell constricts and divides and the two new cell resulting from mitosis contains fortysix chromosomes,  which means that during mitosis each chromosomal duplication is one of the least understood of the cell's activities.      However, mitosis is not the only kind of cell division. in the sex organs, the ovary and testis, another kind of cell division occurs called metosis.  During the formation of the sex cells, or gametes, the number of chromosomes is halved, so that the spermatozoon contains only twenty- three chromosomes and the egg- cell, or ovum, twenty - three.When fertilization occurs, that is when spermatozoon and ovum fuse to form the cell (zygote) which develops into a new individual, the normal chromosomal complement of forty-six is restored.  By this means a mixing of the hereditary determinants, or genes, from male and female is achieved.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

Columnar Epithelium    forms a single layer of cells which line the ducts of most glands, the gall bladder, nerly the whole of the digestive tract, in which goblet cells are interspersed,and parts of the genito- urinary tract. The illustration columnar cells from the interstine; these have a slightly striated border. In some situations, as when lining the alveoli of secreting glands, the cells of columnar epithelium are short and have a cubical appearance they are then described as cubical cells. Ciliated Epithelium, is found lining the air-passages and their ramifications such as the frontal and maxillary sinuses. It also lines the uterine tubes or oviducts and part of the uterus and the ventricles of the brain. Ciliated cells are like columnar cells in shape,but they have in addition fine hair like processes attached to their free edge.  These processes are called cilia.  The ciliary processes keep up a continual movement directed towards the external opening.  This movement has been likened to the movement seen in a field of corn, blown in one direction by the wind. In the respiratory passages the constant movement prevents dust, mucus, etc., entering the lungs, and in the uterine tubes the movement conveys the ovum into the uterus. Goblet Cells are mucus - secreting cells which lie in the walls of glands and ducts lined by columnar cells, either plain or ciliated. Goblet cells secrete mucus or mucin and express it on to the surface; they act as mucus-secreting glands and are most numerous where a considerable amount of mucus covers the surface as in the stomach, colon, and trachea.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

THE ELEMENTARY TISSUES OF THE BODY Four groups of tissue in the body are known as the elementary tissues. These are epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue,and connective tissue. Types of epithelial Tissue.     An epithelium consists of cells which cover surfaces of the body,  e.g skin; or line hollow organs, tubes or cavities, e.g. blood vessels, and the air cells. There are two main classes of epithelial tissue, each containing several varieties. all epithelial cells lie on and held together by a homogeneous substances called a basement membrane. Simple Epithelium. This class consists of a single layer of cells, and is subdivided into three varieties. Pavement or Squamous Epithelium. Pavement epithelial cells are fine thin plates placed edge to edge like the particles in a mosaic pattern or the stones of a pavement. These cells form the alveoli of the lungs. They are found whenever a very smooth surface is essential as in the lining of the heart, lining of blood vessels and lymphatics, the serous membranes. when lining these structures the epithelial covering or lining is called endothelium.      ............

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

REPRODUCTION. A cell does not go on growing indefinitely in size but at a certain optimum point divides into two daughter cells. Further, certain cells will undergo division to replace worn-out cells or those destroyed by disease. This kind of cell division is called mitosis, or karyokinesis. Actively begins in the nucleus, the nuclear membrane disappears and the chromatin changes character and becomes long filaments called chromosomes. The centrosome divides and the two new centrosomes move away from each other to each end of the nucleus called the poles. The chromosomes are then attracted to the poles and lie near the new centrosomes. The chromatin of which the nucleus is formed now comes to rest and two new nuclei exist. Finally the protoplasm of the cell constricts and divides and the two new cells are complete. Each new daughter cell resulting from mitosis contains forty six chromosomes, which means that during mitosis each somal duplication is one of the least understood of the cell's activities.           However, mitosis is not the only kind of cell division. In the sex organs, the ovary and testis, another kind of cell division occurs called meiosis.  During the formation of the sex cells, or gametes, the number of chromosomes is halved, so that the spermatozoon contains only twenty - three chromosomes and the egg - cell, or ovum, twenty- three.          When fertilization occurs, that is when spermatozoon and ovum fuse to form the cell (zygote) which develops into a new individuals, the normal chromosomal complement of forty- six is restored. By this means a mixing of the hereditary determinants, or genes, from male and female is achieved.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

NUCLEUS.   The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane which is also selectively porous , allowing substances to escape from the nucleus into the cytoplasm or substances to pass into it. The nucleus contains many protein-rich threads lying in a nuclear sap. In the "resting cell" the threads are collectively spoken of as chromatin, These threads or chromosomes are vital to the everyday activities of the cell and are responsible for determining the hereditary characteristics of the human body.  On the chromosomes in linear arrangement sit the genetic or hereditary determinants, the genes. The number of chromosomes in a body cell is constant for a particular forty-six chromosomes. Irritability and Conductivity. Mention has been made of some of these cells' characteristic functional properties, their metabolic activities and powers of growth. By these two properties the cell is active.  When a cell is stimulated either by chemical, physical, mechanical, or nervous means, the cell responds: it may contract as does a muscle cell; it may produce a secreation, as do the cells of the stomach, pancreas, and other organs and glands; or it may conduct an impulse, as in the case of the nerve cell.  This last is the best example of cell conductivity as a nerve impulse generated by the stimulation of a nerve cell may be conducted for a considerable distance, a yard or more, according to the length of the nerve fibre.  But in all cases, a stimulus which excites a cell to action is conducted along the entire length from end to end of the cell. .....

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

THE TISSUE CELL On the other hand, the cell needs a supply of energy for its activities and it will use some absorbed food materials as a fuel. The food is broken down and the energy stored in it is released and used by the cell. These destructive activities of the cell are called catabolism. Anabolism and catabolism make up the total activities of the cell.  or metabolism. The waste materials resulting from the catabolic processes are eliminated from the cell into the interstitial fluid, and thence carried away by the blood.  The blood transports the carbonic acid waste to the lungs where it is removed from the body as carbon dioxide. The other waste substances are eliminated, via the Kidneys, in the urine. The blood is also responsible for bringing to the cell its oxygen and other food requirements.                In describing the structure of the cell it is essential to relate its parts to its function. The protoplasm of the cell is composed of a centrally placed body, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm or remainder of the protoplasm, which surrounds the nucleus. CYTOPLASM.  This contains the following essential requirements: 1.Mitochondria, small rod-like structures which are closely connected with the catabolic, or respiratory, processes of the cell body. 2.Golgi apparatus. A canal-like structure lying next to the nucleus and involved in the secretory activities of the cell. 3.Ground cytoplasm.  A highly complex colloidal material in which the other structures are embeded. it is largely concerned with the anabolic, or synthetic, activities of the cell. 4. Centrosome. It is a minute dense part of the cytoplasm,mlying close to the nucleus. It plays ans important part during cell division. 5.Cell membrane. The cell boundary is no static envelope. Many important functions are connected with it, but in particular it acts as a selective sieve through which certain substances are allowed to pass into the cell, or which prevents other substances from gaining access to it. Thus it is most important in maintaining the correct chemical composition of protoplasm

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

THE BODY FLUIDS A about  70 per cent of the body is water in which are dissolved salts and other substances. This watery solution or fluid is partly inside the cells and partly outside, Two- thirds of the fluid is inside the cells, intra - cellular fluid, and is rich in protein and certain salts such as potassium. One- third of the fluid is in the spaces between the cells, the intersitial fluid, but about a quarter of it is in the blood vessels as the blood plasma. THE TISSUE CELL The cell is the smallest unit of living matter in the body capable of leading an independent existence. It is composed of a complex material called protoplasm, which contains water, inorganic salts and important organic substances-proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins. Cells select from the interstitial fluid which surrounds them chemical substances such as amino-acids which the cell builds up into the very complicated substances, e.g proteins, which make up protoplasm. Thus a cell is a very active unit in which the nourishing food materials  eaten  by man are absorbed and assimilated. These materials may be used by the cell to synthesize new protoplasm, in which case the cell increase in size, that is, it grows.  The materials may also be used to replace worn- out parts of the cell. These constructive activities, growth and cell repair, are spoken of as the anabolic functions of the cell, or anabolism.                                                                                                            ..........

Read more...

`ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

THE SYSTEMS OF THE BODY Systematic anatomy or the division of the body into systems is arranged (a) according to the functions they perform and (b)under the heading of the different terms employed to indicate the knowledge of certain parts.             Osteology         is a knowledge of bones,             Arthrology        is a knowledge of joints,             Myology           is a knowledge of muscles,             Splanchnology  is a knowledge of organs or viscera,             Neurology        is a knowledge of nerves and nerve structures When grouped according to function the general arrangement is as follows.         The Locomotor System.  This includes the parts concerned in the movements of the body. The skeletal system which is composed of the bones, and certain cartilages and membranes, the articulatory system which deals with the joints or articulations, and the muscular system which includes muscles, fascia and tendon sheaths.         The Blood - Vascular System includes the circulatory system and lymphatic system.         The Digestive System consists of the alimentary canal and the glands and organs associated with it.          The Respiratory System contains the passages and organs concerned with breathing.          The Ductless Glands are grouped together because of the internal secretions they produce. The spleen is sometimes internal secretions they produce. The spleen is sometimes included in this group because it also has no duct, though as far as is known it does not formation of red blood cells and is described in . The Urogenital System includes the organs of the urinary system which includes the brin and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system consisting of the nerves given off from brain and cord and the autonomic nervous system. The central and peripheral systems are often grouped together and described as the cerebrospinal nervous system.  The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. It is also described as the involuntary nervous system.         The Special Sense Organs include taste, smell, sight and hearing, and also the tactile function of the skin.         The Excretory System is the term sometimes employed to describe collectively the organs that deal organs include the urinary system, the lungs in their function of eliminating carbondioxide, and the colon which excretes certain insoluble substances in the faeces.

Read more...

ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

TERMS USED IN ANATOMY.      Many parts of the body are symmetrically arranged. For example the right and left limbs are similar: there are right and left eyes and ears, right and left lungs, and right and left kidneys. But there is also a good deal of asymmetry in the arrangement of the body.  The spleen lies entirely on the left side: the larger part of the liver lies on the right side: the pancreas lies partly on each side.                        The human body is studied from the erect position with the arms by the sides and the palms of the hands facing forwards, the head erect and eyes looking straight in front.  This is described as the anatomical position.           The various parts of the body are then described in relation to certain imaginary lines or planes. The median plane runs through the centre of the body. Any structure which lies nearer to the median plane of the body than another is said  to be medial to that other. For example the hamstring muscles which lie on the inner side of the thigh are nearer the median plane than those which lie on the outer side and are therefore medial the inner side of the thigh is decribed as the medial aspect and the outer as the lateral aspect.                                                                                                                                    (continue)             The terms internal and external are used to describe the relative distance of an organ or structure from the certre of a cavity. The ribs for example have an internal surface which is near the chest cavity and an external surface which is on the outer side, farther away from the cavity.  The internal carotid artery is within the cranial cavity and the external is outside the cavity.            The terms superficial and deep are used to denote relative distance from the surface of the body, and the terms superior and inferior denote positions relatively high or low, particularly in relation to the trunk, such as the superior and inferior surfaces of the clavicle.            The terms anterior and posterior are synonymous with ventral and dorsal.  These terms are only applied to man in the erect attitude or 'anatomical position' For example the anterior and posterior tibial arteries lie in front and behind the leg .In describing the hand the terms palmar and dorsal are used instead of anterior and posterior, and in describing the foot the terms plantar and dorsal are similarly employed           The terms proximal or distal are employed to describe nearness to, or distance from a given point, particularly in relation to the limbs. For example .the proximal phalanges are hearer to the wrist and the distal ones are the farthest away.  When three structures are in a line running from the median plane of the body outwards, they are described as being placed in medial, intermediate and lateral positions. An example of this is seen in the arrangement of the three cuneiform bones of the foot. Similarly when three structures run from front to back (anterior to posterior) or from above downwards (superior to inferior), these are described as anterior, middle and posterior as happens in the arrangement of the three fossae of the skull and superior, middle and inferior, as occurs in the arrangement of the superior, middle and inferior radio-ulnar joints.

Read more...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and of the relationship of its constituent parts to each other. In regional anatomy a geographical study is made and each region, e.g. arm, leg, head, chest, etc., is found to consist of a number of structures common to all regions such as bones, muiscles, nerves, blood vessels and so on. From this study it follows that a number of different systems exist. These have been grouped together and described unser the heading systematic anatomy.               A study of the position and relationship of one part of the body could not be separated from a consideration of the use of each structure and system. This study led to the employment of the term functional anatomy which is closely allied to the study of physiology. Then again it was found that certain structures could be examined  by the naked eye and the term macroscopic anatomy was introduced to describe this study,in distinction to microscopic anatomy which necessitates the use of a microscope.  Closely allied to the study of anatomy are histology and cytology. The former deals with the fine structures of the body , and the latter with a study of the cells. Physiology is the study of the functions of the normal human body. It is closely linked with the study of all living things in the subject of biology: with the chemical reactions and    behaviour of cells under different conditions in biochemistry, and with physics in the study of the physical reactions and movements taking place in the body.           The body is made up of may tissues and organs, each having its own particular function to perform.  The cell is the unit or the smallest element of the body of which all parts are comprised.  The cells are adapted to perform the special functions of the organs or tissue they are in. Some cells, such as those in the nervous system and muscle, are very specialised indeed: others, such as those in the connective tissues, are less highly developed. As a general rule the most highly specialised cells are the least able to withstand damage and also are the most difficult to repair or replace.                                                                                              (continue)

Read more...

PAINKILLER FROM SNAIL

SUPER-STRONG PAINKILLER FROM SNAIL SPIT Scientists have developed a new pain-relief pill from a chemical in sea snails' saliva that they use to catch their prey. it was found to be as effective as morphine for relieving the most severe forms of pain but without the most severe forms of pain but without the added risk of addiction. Marine cone snails produce saliva that contains a deadly dose of peptide toxins to help the slow- moving creatures catch prey. They inject passing victims with needle- like teeth that shoot out of their mouths, the Daily Mail reports. Scientists have transformed one of the chemicals into a pain-reliever for humans.  However, it has to be injected directly into the spinal cord which limits how much of it can be used.

Read more...

CANCER CURE

SNAKE VENOM MAY OFFER CANCER CURE Japanese scientists have claimed that a number of toxins found in snake venom could help develop new therapies for chronic diseases like heart attack, stroke and cancer.  The scientists, who reported their findings in the journal of Biological Chemistry, said that inhibiting a protein found on the surface of blood platelets may combat both irregular blood clotting and the spread of certain cancers throughout the body. "The finding that platelets not only play a role in blood clotting but also in the development of vessels that allow tumours to flourish was quite unexpected and paves the way for new research on the role or roles of platelets," said Katsue Suzuki - Inoue, of the University of Yamanashi.

Read more...

HEART DEFECTS

EGGS CAN CUT HEART DEFECTS DURING PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Various studies have revealed that choline, which is present in eggs in abundance, is associated with decreased rate of heart defects during prenatal development, Researchers choline - deficient diet during pregnancy compared to the offspring of mice that consumed a  diet containing the recommended amount of choline. They observed that heart defects were more prevalent among the offspring of mice consuming a choline - deficient diet.  The study also found low choline intake was linked with increased levels of homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood that, when elevated, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and declined cognitive function.

Read more...

MIRACLE MEDICINE

PRAYER HEALS, WHEN IT'S CLOSE &PERSONAL: STUDY Washington : Prayer heals when it's close- up and personal, and there's a study to prove it.            It's not just any kind of prayer, but "proximal intercessory prayer", or PIP - when one or more people pray for someone in that person's presence and often with physical contact - that was found by a team of doctors, scientists and religious experts to have remarkable results in healing some patients.        A team of medical doctors and scientists led by indiana University professor of religion candy gunther Brown found in the study, conducted in rural Mozambique, that prayer brought "highly significant" improvements to hearing impaired participants and significant changes to the visually impaired.          Fourteen hard - of - hearing and 11 visually impaired study participants were recruited at meetings of Pentecostal Christian groups in Mozambican villages and  towns. They were tested with a handheld audiometer or vision charts, depending on their impairment, before and after they took part in a prayer session.           "There was a highly significant improvement in hearing across 18 ears of 11 subjects" and "significant visual improvements". says the study, which will be published next month in the peer - reviewed Southern Medical Journal.            Two of the hard - of hearing study participants were able to hear sounds 50 decibels lower after the prayer session and three of the visually impaired subjects saw their vision improve from 20/400 or worse to 20/80 or better.             The study focused on the clinical effects of prayer and did not attempt to explain how or why some participants saw such remarkable improvements. "This study shows that in some instances there are measurable effects that can be demonstrated using clinical studies " to assess whether PIP may be a useful adjunct to standard medical care for certain patients," especially in countries with limited care options.

Read more...

IN LOVE? Kate Winslet

NEW MAN IN KATE'S LIFE    Kate Winslet, who only a few months back split from her husband, Sam Mendes, is nowadays seen in the company of a young, hot British model, Louis Dowler.         The two, according to sources, are inseparable and have gone out on numerous dates together. The 34-year-old Oscar winner was introduced to Dowler - who is ten years younger than her estranged husband - by mutual freinds at a party. A source told an international daily."They get on really well. It's early days for them, but they enjoy each other's company. Louis has a good sense of humour and is a lovely guy. He loves to surf, is quite engaging and very down-to-earth. He's a good looking guy and gets lots of attention when he's out. He's not your typical model. Not at all big-headed."         Kate split from fiolm director Mendes in March and immediately after announcing their separation, fled t Mexico with their six-year-old son Joe, and her nine-year-old daughter Mia, from her previous marriage to producer Jim Threapleton.

Read more...

BRIDE TO BE: Slenna Miller

Miller a country bride?  enter      Sienna Miller reportedly wants to marry Jude Law in the English countryside Sienna and Jude - who have been together for around nine months after rekindling their romance - are trying to decide where to tie the knot. Although Jude is keen to marry abroad, Sienna seemingly has her heart set on a big ceremony in England. A source said, "They are very happy and want to get married.          But they are still undecided about where to tie the knot. She loves the idea fof an English country wedding. but Jude wants as much privacy as possible and thinks a small sedding sbroad would be better." Sienna was recently seen walking around in the Loire Valley, where Jude's parents live, holding a 'wedding file', leading to speculation that the Valley would be the location for the big day.

Read more...

FRIEND IN NEED: Neetu Chandra and Mika Singh

MIKA'S GIFT FOR NEETU     Neetu Chandra and Mika Singh's is an unlikely friendship that started during the film Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!        Recently, the Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai actress flew down with her team to Delhi, specially to record a song for an upcoming film that she is believed to be producing.         Mika has sung the superhit title track of the film Oye Lucky... and since Neetu is producing the above said film, she made sure she took her friend Mika to sing for it. Unfortunately, Mika was not available in Mumbai and hence, Neetu decided to get her entire team to fly down to his persoanl studio in Delhi. Mika, on his part, did the gentlemanly thing and refused to accept any money from her. Here's hoping Neetu's production venture is better than her acting ventures!

Read more...

MUSIC MAESTRO: A R Rahman

Breaking barriers      For those in doubt of Oscar winner A R Rahman's knoledge of Telugu, here's a resounding reply from the man himself?           The composer's latest tweet reads, "Nenu A R Rahman Matladtunnanu", perhaps keeping in mind the target audience for his latest Telugu album Puli Despite going global in every sense of the word, the humble man has managed to stick to his roots, which was clearly evident when he used the now-famous Ellapughazhum Iraivanukke....line when he received the Oscar awards, The ace composer has sung a number Maaralante... in Puli. "It's my favourite song in the alnum, "says the composer in an interview on the music company's official web poage, "It's about Gandhiji's philosophy that if you do good to one person, your're doing good to the whole world. It has verses from various ancient texts too."

Read more...